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Right along with the birth of Abraham Lincoln, February 12, 1809 in Shrewsbury, England. Inventor Charles Darwin's theory of organic evolution in terms of natural selection at the age of sixteen entered the University of Edinburgh to study medicine, but both medical and anatomical science that makes deems bored. Soon after he moved to Cambridge to learn elements of office administration. Even so, hunt and ride horses in Cambridge  much more than learning science. And even so, he can still attract the attention of one of the Grand Masters who pushed to participate in the investigation on the cruise ship HMS Beagle as a naturalist. At first her father objected to this appointment. She thought the trip was merely a pretext of course reluctant to make Darwin a serious job. Fortunately, later persuaded his father and to bless the journey which eventually turned out to be the most valuable way in the history of European science.

Darwin began to go sailing aboard the Beagle in 1831. At that time he was only twenty-two years. During the five-year voyage, the ship sailed the world's Beagle, scour the coast of South America in an exciting pace, explore the deserted islands of the remote Galapagos Islands, islands in the Pacific, the Ocean Indonesia and the southern Atlantic Ocean. In the odyssey , Darwin witnessed many natural wonders, visiting primitive tribes, found a large number of fossils, examine various types of plants and animals. Beyond that, he made many notes about anything that passes in front of his eyes. These records are the basic ingredient for almost all of his work in the future. From these records were just ideas, and the events and experiences to be supporting his theories.

1. The journey on the Beagle

Beagle survey lasted five years. Darwin spent two-thirds of this time to exlpore mainland. He investigated a wide range of geological appearance, the fossil and living organisms, and meet a wide range of people, both native and colonial society. In method he collected a large number of specimens, many of them new to science. This confirmed his reputation as a naturalist and made it one of the pioneers in the field of ecology, especially the understanding of biokoenosis. Detail records showed extensive gifts to build the theory and form the basis for his work in the future, and provides an anthropological understanding of social, political in-depth about the areas he visited.

In this voyage, Charles Darwin read Lyell, Principles of Geology  which explains the geological appearance as a result of gradual processes over many long periods, and write letters to his family that he saw the forms of land "as if he had eyes Lyell ": he saw the plains of the thin layer (Shingle) is steep and the shells in Patagonia as the beaches are rising. In Chile he had experienced an earthquake and basic record with sea shells stranded on the high tide showing that the land has been increasing, and even in places high in the Andes, he can collect sea shells. He makes the theory that coral atolls atoll-formed in the volcanic mountains of the sinking, an idea that was confirmed when he saw the Beagle investigate Cocos (Keeling).

In South America he discovered the fossils of giant mammals that have become extinct, teermasuk megatheria and gliptodon in layers that are not showing signs of catastrophe or climate change. Occasionally he regarded them with similar species in Africa, but after the voyage Richard Owen showed that the remains were from animals that are associated with living creatures in the same place. In Argentina two species of rhea have areas that separate but overlapping. In the Galapagos Islands, Darwin found that the mockingbird is different from one island to another, and when he returned to Britain kepadnya shown that turtle and tortoise Galapagos finches also vary depending on the species of each island that they inhabit. Australian marsupial animals kangaroo rats and Platypus are animals that very strange that he thinks "people who do not believe ... may be saying 'Surely two distinct Creator has worked'." He was confused by what he saw, and while in the first edition of The Voyage of the Beagle (Voyage of the Beagle) she describes the distribution of species based on the ideas of Charles Lyell's "centers of creation", in editions of the Journal recently, he begin to imagine the use of Galápagos Islands fauna as evidence for evolution: "one might actually expect that from a small number of native birds in this archipelago, one species had been taken and modified for purposes different."

Three native missionaries returned by the Beagle to Tierra del Fuego. They have diberadabkan in England for two years, but their relatives in Darwin's eyes looked "wild", just above the animal. Within a year, the missionaries had returned to their hard lives and primitive, but they were more like him and did not want to go back to the civilized world. This experience and Darwin's rejection of slavery and other inhuman treatment of others had seen in other places, such as mistreatment of the natives by British colonists in Tasmania assured that there is no moral justification whatsoever to treat other people badly based on the concept race. Now he argues that humanity is not too far from the animals, different from what is believed by friends of the clergy.

Since the age of 12 to 17 years, Newton was educated at Kings School The school is located in Grantham (his signature is still there in the school library). Newton took his family from the school on the grounds that he was a farmer alone, however, Newton does not seem to like his new job. But in the end after convincing his family and his mother with the help of an uncle and mentor, Newton could finish school at the age of 18 years with a satisfactory score.

While on the ship, Darwin suffered seasickness. In October 1833 he got a fever in Argentina, and in July 1834, when he returned from the Andes to Valparaíso, he fell ill and was forced to stay in bed for a month. Since 1837 Darwin repeatedly stomachaches, vomiting, severe boils, palpitations, tremor, and various other symptoms. All of these symptoms especially affected him at times when she felt depressed, such as when attending meetings or dealing with disputes about the theory. The cause of the disease is not known in Darwin's lifetime, and attempts to care for not much work. Speculation has recently stated that he was in South America due to Chagas disease insect bite, which caused many problems later. Other causes may include problems of psycho-biological and Meniere's disease.

2. Careers in science, theory formation

While still in the voyage, Henslow carefully strengthening his former pupil's reputation by giving a number of naturalists access to terpilh examples of fossils and printed copies of geological writings of Darwin. When the Beagle returned on 2 October 1836, Darwin has become known in scientific circles. He visited his family in Shrewsbury and his father develop the savings to Darwin can be a scientist who is supported by its own funds. Then Darwin went to Cambridge and Henslow persuaded to work on botanical description of the modern plants he had collected. After that Darwin traveled institutions in London to find the best naturalists available to describe the collection-another collection for publication in a timely manner. Charles Lyell who was eager to meet Darwin on October 29 and introduced him to Richard Owen anatomist rising. After working on a collection of fossil bones at the Darwin Royal Society of Surgeons him, Owen caused great surprise by revealing that some of it comes from the rats and similar animals that have been creeping giant extinct. This increases the reputation of Darwin. With the enthusiastic support of Lyell, Darwin's first paper delivered to the Geological Society of London on January 4, 1837, and said that the land of South America are slowly rising. On the same day Darwin presents examples of mammals and birds to the zoological Society of London. Mammalian animals were taken by George R. Waterhouse. Although the birds seem to like the new thinking came later, John Gould, an expert on birds revealed that what was thought to Darwin as "wren", black birds, and finches are somewhat different from the Galapagos finches were all, but each each is a distinct species. Others in the Beagle, including FitzRoy also been collecting these birds and more careful with their records, to allow Darwin discovered the islands where each species was derived.

Charles lives in London with his brother, Erasmus, a free thinker. At the party, a dinner party he met with some savant who thinks that God has set his previous life with the laws of nature, rather than the creations of magic for a while. Friends of his brother, Nn. Harriet Martineau was a writer whose stories promoting law reforms Whig Malthusian poor people. Stir in scientific circles ideas about the transmutation of species which controversially associated with excitement radicals. Darwin would rather be friends dear, the Cambridge professor, though his ideas beyond their belief that natural history must justify religion and social order.

On February 17, 1837, Lyell used his presidential address at the Geographical Society to present Owen's findings to determine the date of Darwin's fossils, and shows the inference that the species of animals that have ever got was related to the species from which there is now in the same place. At the same meeting Darwin was elected to the Society's Council. He has been invited by FitzRoy to contribute a paper in the Journal based on his field notes as part of the natural history of the captain's report from the Beagle voyage. Now he lost in the writing of books about the geology of South America. At the same time he speculated about the transmutation of the Red Book Notes telha his start on the Beagle. One other project that started getting reports of the experts about the collection published as a series of publications Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Beagle (Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Beagle), and Henslow used his contacts to arrange the provision of £ 1,000 from the Treasury to sponsor. Darwin finished writing his Journal around 20 June when King William IV died and the Victorian era began. In mid July he started a note book "B" of the secret of transmutation, and develop the hypothesis that in which every island of the Galapagos Islands have a kind of tortoise-kuranya own, it all comes from one species of turtle and had adjusted to the island different islands in a way different.

Worth noting, Darwin's theory was formulated without the back of any genetic theory or even she knew nothing of that knowledge. In Darwin's time, no one special Happenings how a next generation. Although Gregor Mendel's laws finalize descendants in those years coincided with the time Darwin wrote and published a book which makes history, Mendel's work to support Darwin's theory was so perfect, Mendel was ignored almost entirely of people until the year 1900, when Darwin's theory has so established and stable. Thus, our modern understanding about evolution - that is a combination of genetic science with the legal descendants of natural selection - is more complete than Darwin's theory posed.

Darwin's influence on human thought in sekah. In connection with pure science, of course, he had committed acts of revolutionary all aspects of biology. Natural selection really have a very broad principles and fundamental, and various experiments have been conducted in various fields of application, such as anthropology, sociology, political science and economics.

Perhaps even more important influence on Darwin's thinking in terms of religion than to science or sociology. At the time of Darwin and for years afterward, many adherents of the Christian faithful believe that accepting Darwin's theory that lowering the degree of belief in religion. This concerns essentially though it may be clearly many other factors that cause so lunturnya because of religious beliefs. (Darwin himself became a secular).

Even on the basis of a secular, Darwinian cause large changes in the way that people in their thinking about their world affairs (the human race seems) as a whole no longer occupies a central position in the natural scheme of nature as creatures they had akukan. Now we must see ourselves as just one part of the many creatures and we acknowledge the possibility that it would be shifting the tempo. As a result of the investigation results of Darwin, the view that Heraclitus said, "Nothing is permanent except change" becomes more widely accepted. Successful theory of evolution as a general explanation of the origin of humans have been more solidified confidence in the ability of science to answer any questions the physical world (though not all human problems and human). Darwin term, "the strong defeating the weak" and "Struggle for life" has entered a part of our vocabulary.

Indeed Darwin's theory will be explained as well though such as Darwin had never lived in the world. Moreover, measured by what has been produced by Wallace, it is very true, more than any particulars contained in this book list. However, it is Darwin's writings that has revolutionized biology and antropolgi and he who has changed our view of man's place in the world.

 

 

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reference:

In quotes from:
Hundred Most Influential People in History
Michael H. Hart, 1978

 

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